Development of New Modified Simple Polymerase Chain Reaction and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Iranian Brucella abortus Strains.

Brucellosis is primarily a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella species. The genus Brucella contains highly infectious species that are classified as biological threat agents. In this regard, the identification of Brucella can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process posing a real risk of laboratory-acquired infection to the laboratory staff. This study aimed to present a novel conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the identification of Brucella abortus strains. Regarding this, two primers (bru ab2) were designed based on the unique loci encoding autotransporter-associated beta strand repeat-containing protein (ID:YP00113760). A total of 56 Brucella strains (e.g., reference, vaccinal, and field isolates) and Yersinia enterocolitica, as a non-Brucella isolate, were evaluated in conventional and real-time PCR systems. The results of the study indicated that 0.4 ng and 400 FG of genomic DNA of B. abortus strains can be detected by conventional and real-time PCR, respectively. The primers, bru ab2, were suitable for both PCR methods. Both methods were specific for the detection of all strains of the bacterium; however, real-time PCR assay was 1000-fold more sensitive than the conventional PCR method. Therefore, this new detection system could be a suitable selective modified method for the accurate identification of all B. abortus strains.

Re-visiting the occurrence of undeclared species in sausage products sold in Canada.

Meat and poultry are major protein sources for humans worldwide. Undeclared ingredients in processed meat products, like sausage, continue to be identified in retail products all over the world. In collaboration with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, a previous study of products purchased in Canada showed 20% mislabelling rate in sausage meats when tested for beef, pork, chicken, turkey and horse using DNA barcoding and digital PCR. In a follow-up to this study, an additional 100 "single species" sausage products were collected from Canadian retail markets, one year after our earlier study, to determine the prevalence of undeclared meat species in sausage. A new hierarchy of complementary molecular methods was applied in this study, including the testing of new target species (sheep and goat), in addition to beef, pork, chicken, turkey and horse. First, all samples were tested using DNA barcoding using universal primers, which revealed that 97% of the samples contained the declared species, presumably as the predominant species. Second, all samples were tested using ddPCR assays specifically targeting beef, pork, chicken, and turkey, which revealed that five beef samples, three chicken samples and two turkey samples contained undeclared species. Additionally, ddPCR revealed the presence of undeclared sheep in five samples. Overall, using complementary molecular methods, 14% of the samples contained additional undeclared species. It was encouraging to find a reduced rate of mislabelling compared to the previous study, though it remains clear that meat mislabelling is still an issue affecting Canadian consumers. The results from this study can be used to support decision-making processes for future inspection and monitoring activities in order to control species substitution or adulteration to protect consumers.

Rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of the ureR_1 gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the main pathogenic bacteria that causes nosocomial infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and sepsis. Therefore, the rapid and accurate detection of K. pneumoniae is important for the timely treatment of infectious patients. This study aimed to establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid and sensitive detection of K. pneumoniae-specific gene ureR_1 (Gene ID: 11847803). The ureR_1 gene was obtained through local and online BLAST, and the specific primers were designed for its detection. Positive reactions were observed on all 140 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates while all the 82 non-K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were negative. Plasmids with the specific gene and the mouse blood with K. pneumoniae were used for sensitivity analysis. The detection limit of the LAMP was 1 bacterium/reaction. The results showed that the LAMP targeted to ureR_1 is a fast, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, and suitable method for the detection of K. pneumoniae.

Primer Design for an Accurate View of Picocyanobacterial Community Structure by Using High-Throughput Sequencing.

High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 16S rRNA gene has been used successfully to describe the structure and dynamics of microbial communities. Picocyanobacteria are important members of bacterioplankton communities, and, so far, they have predominantly been targeted using universal bacterial primers, providing a limited resolution of the picocyanobacterial community structure and dynamics. To increase such resolution, the study of a particular target group is best approached with the use of specific primers. Here, we aimed to design and evaluate specific primers for aquatic picocyanobacterial genera to be used with high-throughput sequencing. Since the various regions of the 16S rRNA gene have different degrees of conservation in different bacterial groups, we therefore first determined which hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene provides the highest taxonomic and phylogenetic resolution for the genera Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, and Cyanobium An in silico analysis showed that the V5, V6, and V7 hypervariable regions appear to be the most informative for this group. We then designed primers flanking these hypervariable regions and tested them in natural marine and freshwater communities. We successfully detected that most (97%) of the obtained reads could be assigned to picocyanobacterial genera. We defined operational taxonomic units as exact sequence variants (zero-radius operational taxonomic units [zOTUs]), which allowed us to detect higher genetic diversity and infer ecologically relevant information about picocyanobacterial community composition and dynamics in different aquatic systems. Our results open the door to future studies investigating picocyanobacterial diversity in aquatic systems.IMPORTANCE The molecular diversity of the aquatic picocyanobacterial community cannot be accurately described using only the available universal 16S rRNA gene primers that target the whole bacterial and archaeal community. We show that the hypervariable regions V5, V6, and V7 of the 16S rRNA gene are better suited to study the diversity, community structure, and dynamics of picocyanobacterial communities at a fine scale using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Due to its variability, it allows reconstructing phylogenies featuring topologies comparable to those generated when using the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence. Further, we successfully designed a new set of primers flanking the V5 to V7 region whose specificity for picocyanobacterial genera was tested in silico and validated in several freshwater and marine aquatic communities. This work represents a step forward for understanding the diversity and ecology of aquatic picocyanobacteria and sets the path for future studies on picocyanobacterial diversity.

Rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of the ureR_1 gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the main pathogenic bacteria that causes nosocomial infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and sepsis. Therefore, the rapid and accurate detection of K. pneumoniae is important for the timely treatment of infectious patients. This study aimed to establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid and sensitive detection of K. pneumoniae-specific gene ureR_1 (Gene ID: 11847803). The ureR_1 gene was obtained through local and online BLAST, and the specific primers were designed for its detection. Positive reactions were observed on all 140 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates while all the 82 non-K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were negative. Plasmids with the specific gene and the mouse blood with K. pneumoniae were used for sensitivity analysis. The detection limit of the LAMP was 1 bacterium/reaction. The results showed that the LAMP targeted to ureR_1 is a fast, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, and suitable method for the detection of K. pneumoniae.

Detection of an amplification bias associated to Leuconostocaceae family with a universal primer routinely used for monitoring microbial community structures within food products.

OBJECTIVES: Sequencing of 16S rDNA V3-V4 region is widely applied for food community profiling. However, two different universal forward primers (named here MUYZER-primer1 and KLINDWORTH-primer2) targeting an identical conservative sequence upstream of the V3 region of 16S rRNA gene, and only distinguished by a single mismatch are both used. This study was carried out to compare whether the accuracy of food microbiota analysis would depend on the choice of one of these two primers. RESULTS: Alignment of both primers with common food-borne bacteria 16S sequences revealed that the mismatch between both primers might specifically affect the amplification of Leuconostoc, Oenococcus and Fructobacillus species but not Weissella species. Food products containing either Leuconostoc and/or Weissella were selected for a detection test. As expected from our in silico analysis, our study showed that this mismatch induced a strong biased amplification specifically associated to the OTUs belonging to the genus Leuconostoc but not to the genus Weissella. In presence of Muyzer-primer1, none of the sequences expected for Leuconostoc genus was detected whereas those sequences were correctly amplified with Klindworth-primer2. Since Leuconostoc is an important genus in food, agro-environments and in digestive tract of animals, we recommend that Muyzer-primer1 should thus be abandoned for the bacterial characterization of their associated microbiota.

Unraveling cryptic epizootiology of equid trypanosomosis in Punjab state of India by parasitological and sero-molecular techniques.

To unravel equid trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in Punjab state of India, a cross sectional study was designed by utilizing parasitological and sero-molecular tools with objective to assess the prevalence of T. evansi in association with various risk factors in all agroclimatic zones of Punjab state of India. Parasitological Romanowksy stained thin blood smears (RSTBS) to detect patent infection, molecular techniques polymerase chain reaction I (PCR I; TBR 1/2 primers; targeting minichromosomal satellite DNA of T. evansi), polymerase chain reaction II (PCR II; TR 3/4 primers; targeting variable surface glycoprotein region DNA of T. evansi) & LAMP (Loop mediated isothermal amplification) assay to detect latent infection and serological assays card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) & ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) to detect exposure status of trypanosomosis were utilized in the present study. A total 429 equid blood and serum samples from all the five agroclimatic zones of Punjab state tested by these techniques showed a prevalence of 1.39% (CL: 0-15.28) by RSTBS, 6.52% (10.94-45.09) by both TBR 1/2 PCR and LAMP assay, 5.82% (11.57-38.42) by TR 3/4 PCR, 15.15% (36.57-135.42) with CATT/T. evansi and 22.84% (17.77-840.22) with ELISA. Interpretation of various risk factors revealed that the donkey/mules population (RR = 5.46, 95% [CI] = 0.15-15.56) was found to be at higher risk of T. evansi infection predominantly at 'unorganized' farms (RR = 4.06, 95% [CI] = 0.12-4.51). Animal used for commercial purposes (RR = 3.25, 95% [CI] = 0.06-7.42), rearing of equids with other domestic animals (RR = 2.36, 95% [CI] = 0.10-17.11) and farms without application of fly repellant/insecticides/net (RR = 3.68, 95% [CI] = 0.08-5.94) made them more prone to the disease. This comprehensive report utilizing the classical, serological and molecular diagnostic tools for epidemiology of T. evansi establishes the endemic stability of this infection in all agro climatic zones of Punjab with LAMP assay to be a promisingly sensitive and specific technique for the diagnosis of T. evansi under isothermal conditions in field situations.

Universal mini COI barcode for the identification of fish species in processed products.

Species substitution, the use of a low value fish in place of a high value fish, is the biggest problem in international trade and the leading cause of fraud in the fisheries arena sector. Current DNA barcoding systems have partly solved this problem but also failed in many instances to amplify PCR targets from highly processed products because of the degradation of a longer barcode marker (~650bp). In the present study, a novel mini barcode marker (295bp) was developed to discriminate fish species in raw and processed states forms. The barcode primers were cross-tested against 33 fish species and 15 other animal species and found to be universal for all the tested fish varieties. When 20 commercial fish products of five different categories were screened, all commercial fish sample yielded positive bands for the novel fish barcode. PCR product was sequenced to retrieve the species IDs that reflected 55% (11/20) of Malaysian fish products were mislabeled.

qPCR detection of Mycobacterium leprae in biopsies and slit skin smear of different leprosy clinical forms

Abstract Leprosy, whose etiological agent is Mycobacterium leprae, is a chronic infectious disease that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nervous system. The diagnosis of leprosy is based on clinical evaluation, whereas histopathological analysis and bacilloscopy are complementary diagnostic tools. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), a current useful tool for diagnosis of infectious diseases, has been used to detect several pathogens including Mycobacterium leprae. The validation of this technique in a robust set of samples comprising the different clinical forms of leprosy is still necessary. Thus, in this study samples from 126 skin biopsies (collected from patients on all clinical forms and reactional states of leprosy) and 25 slit skin smear of leprosy patients were comparatively analyzed by qPCR (performed with primers for the RLEP region of M. leprae DNA) and routine bacilloscopy performed in histological sections or in slit skin smear. Considering clinical diagnostic as the gold standard, 84.9% of the leprosy patients were qPCR positive in skin biopsies, resulting in 84.92% sensitivity, with 84.92 and 61.22% positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, respectively. Concerning bacilloscopy of histological sections (BI/H), the sensitivity was 80.15% and the PPV and NPV were 80.15 and 44.44%, respectively. The concordance between qPCR and BI/H was 87.30%. Regarding the slit skin smear, 84% of the samples tested positive in the qPCR. Additionally, qPCR showed 100% specificity, since all samples from different mycobacteria, from healthy individuals, and from other granulomatous diseases presented negative results. In conclusion, the qPCR technique for detection of M. leprae using RLEP primers proved to be specific and sensitive, and qPCR can be used as a complementary test to diagnose leprosy irrespective of the clinical form of disease.

qPCR detection of Mycobacterium leprae in biopsies and slit skin smear of different leprosy clinical forms.

Leprosy, whose etiological agent is Mycobacterium leprae, is a chronic infectious disease that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nervous system. The diagnosis of leprosy is based on clinical evaluation, whereas histopathological analysis and bacilloscopy are complementary diagnostic tools. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), a current useful tool for diagnosis of infectious diseases, has been used to detect several pathogens including Mycobacterium leprae. The validation of this technique in a robust set of samples comprising the different clinical forms of leprosy is still necessary. Thus, in this study samples from 126 skin biopsies (collected from patients on all clinical forms and reactional states of leprosy) and 25 slit skin smear of leprosy patients were comparatively analyzed by qPCR (performed with primers for the RLEP region of M. leprae DNA) and routine bacilloscopy performed in histological sections or in slit skin smear. Considering clinical diagnostic as the gold standard, 84.9% of the leprosy patients were qPCR positive in skin biopsies, resulting in 84.92% sensitivity, with 84.92 and 61.22% positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, respectively. Concerning bacilloscopy of histological sections (BI/H), the sensitivity was 80.15% and the PPV and NPV were 80.15 and 44.44%, respectively. The concordance between qPCR and BI/H was 87.30%. Regarding the slit skin smear, 84% of the samples tested positive in the qPCR. Additionally, qPCR showed 100% specificity, since all samples from different mycobacteria, from healthy individuals, and from other granulomatous diseases presented negative results. In conclusion, the qPCR technique for detection of M. leprae using RLEP primers proved to be specific and sensitive, and qPCR can be used as a complementary test to diagnose leprosy irrespective of the clinical form of disease.

qPCR detection of Mycobacterium leprae in biopsies and slit skin smear of different leprosy clinical forms

Leprosy, whose etiological agent is Mycobacterium leprae, is a chronic infectious disease that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nervous system. The diagnosis of leprosy is based on clinical evaluation, whereas histopathological analysis and bacilloscopy are complementary diagnostic tools. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), a current useful tool for diagnosis of infectious diseases, has been used to detect several pathogens including Mycobacterium leprae. The validation of this technique in a robust set of samples comprising the different clinical forms of leprosy is still necessary. Thus, in this study samples from 126 skin biopsies (collected from patients on all clinical forms and reactional states of leprosy) and 25 slit skin smear of leprosy patients were comparatively analyzed by qPCR (performed with primers for the RLEP region of M. leprae DNA) and routine bacilloscopy performed in histological sections or in slit skin smear. Considering clinical diagnostic as the gold standard, 84.9% of the leprosy patients were qPCR positive in skin biopsies, resulting in 84.92% sensitivity, with 84.92 and 61.22% positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, respectively. Concerning bacilloscopy of histological sections (BI/H), the sensitivity was 80.15% and the PPV and NPV were 80.15 and 44.44%, respectively. The concordance between qPCR and BI/H was 87.30%. Regarding the slit skin smear, 84% of the samples tested positive in the qPCR. Additionally, qPCR showed 100% specificity, since all samples from different mycobacteria, from healthy individuals, and from other granulomatous diseases presented negative results. In conclusion, the qPCR technique for detection of M. leprae using RLEP primers proved to be specific and sensitive, and qPCR can be used as a complementary test to diagnose leprosy irrespective of the clinical form of disease.

Molecular variations in Vibrio alginolyticus and V. harveyi in shrimp-farming systems upon stress

A study was performed to investigate the genomic variations in the shrimp farm isolates of Vibrio alginolyticus and V. harveyi when the isolates were subjected to environmental stress. Samples of shrimps, water and sediment were collected from Southern Indian coastal shrimp farms. Vibrio isolates were biochemically identified and confirmed using 16S rDNA and gyrB gene specific PCR. The bacterial strains were genotyped by PCR fingerprinting using GTG(5) and IS (Insertion Sequence) primers. Seven strains each of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi were subjected to 10 passages through trypticase soya broth (TSB), which contained different NaCl concentrations (3, 6 and 8%) and trypticase soya agar (TSA). V. alginolyticus was also passaged through TSB with a 12% NaCl concentration. PCR fingerprinting, which was performed on the strains that were passaged through different salt concentrations, confirmed that V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi could affect the genomic variations, depending on the environmental conditions of the culture. The study highlights the complex genotypic variations that occur in Vibrio strains of tropical aquatic environment because of varied environmental conditions, which result in genetic divergence and/or probable convergence. Such genetic divergence and/or convergence can lead to the organismal adaptive variation, which results in their ability to cause a productive infection in aquatic organisms or generation of new strains.

Improved workflows for high throughput library preparation using the transposome-based Nextera system.

BACKGROUND: The Nextera protocol, which utilises a transposome based approach to create libraries for Illumina sequencing, requires pure DNA template, an accurate assessment of input concentration and a column clean-up that limits its applicability for high-throughput sample preparation. We addressed the identified limitations to develop a robust workflow that supports both rapid and high-throughput projects also reducing reagent costs. RESULTS: We show that an initial bead-based normalisation step can remove the need for quantification and improves sample purity. A 75% cost reduction was achieved with a low-volume modified protocol which was tested over genomes with different GC content to demonstrate its robustness. Finally we developed a custom set of index tags and primers which increase the number of samples that can simultaneously be sequenced on a single lane of an Illumina instrument. CONCLUSIONS: We addressed the bottlenecks of Nextera library construction to produce a modified protocol which harnesses the full power of the Nextera kit and allows the reproducible construction of libraries on a high-throughput scale reducing the associated cost of the kit.

Predominance of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 in rural communities, Nepal.

Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal parasite. To date, there have been sporadic and scanty studies on Blastocystis sp. carried out in rural communities in Nepal. We surveyed the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. and its possible associated risk factors, and reported the predominant Blastocystis sp. subtype in two rural communities, Bolde Phediche and Bahunipati, in Nepal. Human faecal samples were collected from 241 participants, cultured using in vitro cultivation and examined for Blastocystis sp. The presence of Blastocystis sp. in faecal samples was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently genotyped using subtype-specific sequence tagged site (STS) primers. There were 26.1% (63/241) of the participants that were infected by Blastocystis sp. We detected 84.1% (53/63) of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 infections in these rural communities. The unusually high prevalence of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 can be attributed to the rearing of family-owned animals in barns built close to their houses. Eighty one percent (51/63) of the Blastocystis sp. infected participants drank not boiled or unfiltered water. The present study revealed that Blastocystis sp. could pose a health concern to the communities and travellers to the hilly area in Nepal. Infection may be transmitted through human-to-human, zoonotic and waterborne transmissions. We provide recommendations to ensure good public health practices.

Post-transcriptional modification of RNAs by artificial Box H/ACA and Box C/D RNPs.

RNA-guided RNA 2'-O-methylation and pseudouridylation are naturally occurring processes, in which guide RNAs specifically direct modifications to rRNAs or spliceosomal snRNAs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Modifications can profoundly alter the properties of an RNA, thus influencing the contributions of the RNA to the cellular process in which it participates. Recently, it has been shown that, by expressing artificial guide RNAs (derived from naturally occurring guide RNAs), modifications can also be specifically introduced into other RNAs, thus offering an opportunity to study RNAs in vivo. Here, we present strategies for constructing guide RNAs and manipulating RNA modifications in the nucleus.

Removal of PCR error products and unincorporated primers by metal-chelate affinity chromatography.

Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) has been used for decades to purify proteins on the basis of amino acid content, especially surface-exposed histidines and "histidine tags" genetically added to recombinant proteins. We and others have extended the use of IMAC to purification of nucleic acids via interactions with the nucleotide bases, especially purines, of single-stranded RNA and DNA. We also have demonstrated the purification of plasmid DNA from contaminating genomic DNA by IMAC capture of selectively-denatured genomic DNA. Here we describe an efficient method of purifying PCR products by specifically removing error products, excess primers, and unincorporated dNTPs from PCR product mixtures using flow-through metal-chelate affinity adsorption. By flowing a PCR product mixture through a Cu(2+)-iminodiacetic acid (IDA) agarose spin column, 94-99% of the dNTPs and nearly all the primers can be removed. Many of the error products commonly formed by Taq polymerase also are removed. Sequencing of the IMAC-processed PCR product gave base-calling accuracy comparable to that obtained with a commercial PCR product purification method. The results show that IMAC matrices (specifically Cu(2+)-IDA agarose) can be used for the purification of PCR products. Due to the generality of the base-specific mechanism of adsorption, IMAC matrices may also be used in the purification of oligonucleotides, cDNA, mRNA and micro RNAs.

Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk with loop-mediated isothermal amplification and chemosensor.

UNLABELLED: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) allows a rapid amplification of nucleic acids under isothermal conditions. It can be combined with a rhodamine-based dual chemosensor for much more efficient, field-friendly detection of Listeria monocytogenes. In this report, LAMP was performed at 63 °C for 10 min, followed by a rapid reaction of DNA amplification and the byproduct, pyrophosphate ion, with a rhodamine-based dual chemosensor and Cu(2+) is visualized as a disappearance of red color. The detection limit of L. monocytogenes by the LAMP-chemosensor was 8 to 10 cells per reaction tube, and the total assay time including 10 min for rapid DNA extraction was approximately 30 min. Data on naturally contaminated raw milk samples indicated that the LAMP method was highly specific and sensitive, giving 100% concordance with the ISO 10560 reference method. The results showed that the LAMP-chemosensor method has the advantages of better sensitivity and speed and less dependence on equipment than the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction for specifically detecting low levels of L. monocytogenes DNA, and this can be useful in the field as a routine diagnostic tool. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The LAMP-chemosensor method reported here provided a powerful tool for detection of L. monocytogenes in raw milk samples due to its specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity.

GREBP, a cGMP-response element-binding protein repressing the transcription of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR1/GCA).

NPR1/GCA (natriuretic peptide receptor 1/guanylyl cyclase A) expression is controlled by several agents, including ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). After ANP stimulation, NPR1/GCA down-regulates the transcriptional activity of its gene via a cGMP-dependent mechanism. Because we previously identified a cis-acting element responsible for this cGMP sensitivity, we proceed here to explore novel putative protein binding to cGMP-response element (cGMP-RE). Using the yeast one-hybrid technique with a human kidney cDNA library, we identified a strong positive clone able to bind cGMP-RE. The clone was derived from 1083-bp-long cDNA of a gene of yet unknown function localized on human chromosome 1 (1p33.36). We named this new protein GREBP (for cGMP-response element-binding protein). DNA binding assays showed 18-fold higher cGMP-RE binding capacity than the controls, whereas an electromobility shift assay indicated a specific binding for the cGMP-RE, and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the binding of GREBP to the element under physiological conditions. By acting on cGMP-RE, GREBP inhibited the expression of a luciferase-coupled NPR1 promoter construct. In H295R cells, ANP heightened GREBP expression by 60% after just 3 h of treatment while inhibiting NPR1/GCA expression by 30%. Silencing GREBP with specific small interfering RNA increased the activity of the luciferase-coupled NPR1 promoter and GCA/NPR1 mRNA levels. GREBP is a nuclear protein mainly expressed in the heart. We report here the existence of a human-specific gene that acts as a transcriptional repressor of the NPR1/GCA gene.

Heat-activatable primers for hot-start PCR: oligonucleotide synthesis and basic PCR setup.

2'-Deoxyribonucleoside-3'-O-(4-oxotetradec-1-yl) phosphoramidites (OXT phosphoramidites) are used to prepare modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers containing heat cleavable OXT phosphotriester protecting groups at 3'-ultimate and penultimate internucleotide linkages. The OXT-modified primers significantly improve performance of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared to standard DNA primers by substantially reducing or eliminating the accumulation of PCR artifacts such as dimerized primers and misprimed amplicons. Basic protocols for synthesis of OXT-modified oligonucleotide primers and for performing hot-start PCR are described.